Interpreting Bolivia's Political Transformation: A New Report from The Democracy Center
Dear Readers:Today we have two important announcements from The Democracy Center.
Our first is that today The Democracy Center is releasing a major new report on the state of Bolivian politics: Interpreting Bolivia’s Political Transformation. The Democracy Center wrote the paper as a response to a new report on Bolivia published by the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations, that one titled, Bolivia on the Brink.
For those readers interested in current events in Bolivia, the two reports, from The Democracy Center and the Council, are good tools for understanding the transformation under way today in Bolivia. They also shed light on the important debate underway in Washington over how the U.S. should deal with a changing Bolivia.
The Council on Foreign Relations and The Democracy Center have agreed to post links to each other’s papers on our respective Web sites. To read a short summary of The Democracy Center report, and for links to both papers, visit here.
Below is a brief summary of our new report. Over the next two weeks, during which I will be traveling abroad again for work, we will excerpt major sections of Interpreting Bolivia’s Political Transformation. Those excerpts will include analyses on issues ranging from gas nationalization to coca to trade, as well as the current state of the Morales administration. We know that each of these issues is of interest to Blog readers, from all perspectives, and we invite and expect an interesting debate by our commenters.
Our second announcement is that after months of design work by our team in Bolivia and the U.S. we are proud to unveil our brand new Web site. Simpler to use, yet more comprehensive than our previous site, you will find everything from a library of free advocacy resources to multimedia presentations on Bolivia. You will also find constantly updated links to the latest versions of our newsletter and this popular Blog from Bolivia, now read by 2,500 to 3,000 people daily. Have a look at the new site this week!
Visit our new Web site here.
Thank you to all our readers,
Jim Shultz
Interpreting Bolivia's Political Transformation: Key Points
** The report sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations includes some valuable analysis and recommendations for U.S. policy makers, particularly with regard to the need for new flexibility on the issues of coca and trade. Unfortunately, it also includes some significant misrepresentations and bases its analysis, at times, on unsubstantiated generalizations.
** The report wisely encourages U.S. policy makers to positively engage the Bolivian government, despite differences between the Morales and Bush administrations. It is important to note, however, that its suggestions for doing so are aimed primarily at advancing what it calls "U.S. interests in Bolivia and the Andean Rim," not Bolivia's national interests.
** While Bolivia does continue to face significant social tensions and political conflict, the country is not "on the brink" of the kind of national crisis projected by the report. In fact, Bolivia today is generally more politically and economically stable than it has been under most of its recent governments.
** While the administration of President Evo Morales does struggle with assembling a competent and effective government, an assessment of that challenge requires a far deeper analysis than the one offered in Bolivia on the Brink.
** On a range of key issues, from the "nationalization" of gas to constitutional reform, the Bolivian government's actions are actually a good deal less extreme than they are portrayed in the report.
** Bolivia on the Brink calls on U.S. policy makers to "convince" Bolivia's neighbors to assume a role in helping resolve Bolivia's domestic political divisions, despite the fact that such foreign involvement has not been invited and would present a clear conflict of interests.
49 Comments:
One very clear thing is that the US seems to think it can control every other country under the sun. Imagine a country as culturally, socially and ecologically rich as Bolivia being described as "on the brink".
The most spiritually bankrupt country on Earth counts only money and other countries' resources that can make its multi-national monsters even wealthier. Any country that has been suppressed by US economic interests is bound to take a while to reorganize itself, but any country that has not yet lost its soul to the devil should be able to accomplish this as long as they focus on human and environmental health and the Common Good. I wish you all the best, Bolivia, in keeping the hounds from the door!
Thus saith the self-hating American.
Lick my Choda Frank.
On the DC's critique of the COHA's paper, the QUESTION OF COMPETENCE could have elaborated the fact that most of the 2nd and 3rd tier bureaucrats belong to the former regimes and remain loyal to them, often blocking, sabotaging or outright being incompetent themselves.
Would be curious to see what the former politicians CVs look like. I know Quiroga held a job with IBM and got into banking in Bolivia through the sponsorship of the same Dictator that sponsored him into politics--Banzer.
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One thing that should be made clear to the hasty critics of the Council on Foreign Relations report:
Every country in the world writes reports on the "state of the world" from the point of view of how it affects *its* interests. It's irrelevant whether we think that's "good" or "bad" -- that's how things are. Venezuelan, French, Russian, Chinese, Iranian, Chilean, etc., diplomats are also concerned with how situations affect *their* interests. So, to criticize the CFR report on the gound that it represents "American" interests rather misses the point. I encourage you to read assessment of the Bolivian situation written by French, Russian, Chinese, or other "world powers" as well.
EVERY country tries to influence the behavior of every other, in international affairs. Does the US have a comparative advantage? Sure. But it's not because only the US seeks to further its foreign interests -- all states do.
The REAL question is whether the report accurately depicts (despite any ideological or other baises) the political situation on the ground. And, I'm sorry, but the fact that a country is "socially & ecologically diverse" doesn't except it from being "on the brink." In truth, too frequently the most "diverse" countries are the most likely to be on the brink of deadly political instability (Yugoslavia? Rwanda? Sudan?). It's a sad reality of contemporary politics that ethnic conflict is the most prevalent kidn of conflict in the world.
The real question -- that I think both reports attempt to address -- is whether the current political climate in Bolivia (which is highly polarized) contributes to Bolivia being in danger of slipping out of democracy. We might like Bolivia and its people (I sure do), but that doesn't make it immune to a democratic reversal (whether a military coup, a civil war, or an authoritarian civilian president).
The current political situation -- and I speak as a Bolivian, an academic (I teach political science), and someone who still has most of his family living there -- is very tense. Whether you like Evo or not, the situation is tense. To assume that your preference for his policies negates the tension is naive (and a naivete that the Democracy Center, I believe, doesn't share).
I don't know if Bolivia is "on the brink" -- but it's very close. And pretending that it's not, is actually one of the key reasons why it *IS* on the brink! If no one acknowledges that secession and civil war are *possible*, then no one will take steps to avoid it.
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BTW, I should point out that Eduardo Gamarra is a well-respected Bolivian academic. He was born & grew up in Bolivia, lived there most of his life, but now teaches at Florida International University, where he directs the Latin American & Caribbean Center. He's the author of the CFR report. He's been critical of the Bush administration on many ocassions (and even the Clinton one), particularly regarding some elements of drug policy towards Bolivia. So I don't think his creditions are in question. I just thought that information should be relevant to any discussion of what, I think, many readers here may view as a "gringo" policy paper.
Yeah, that chic Ann is as much an idiot as Jim is!!!
Jim and DC staff,
Congratulations.
Ann,
Thank you for your concise yet astute and insightful observations, contentions and argument.
Disregard Frank_IBC's comments. That he would rush to judge you as being an American based on your succinct comments shows the scope of his ignorance and hubris. It appears to be from the same mold of the village idiot: George W. Bush
Ann, the "hounds" are actually inside the house and pushing the country to the abyss..
Just out of curiosity.. are you a self hating gringa?
Love the Jim-spin on the "reply". Again the old lie about Sanchez De Lozada "giving away" the gas in the 90's with the resulting "flat growth", and now with a new twist that Evo has somehow raised revenue on his own.
WHAT A BUNCH OF BS.
The larger gas fields went online fairly late, and in 02 its biggest customers in Brazil were having trouble paying for it, due to devaluation. It was only in 04 and 05 that everything started falling into place, with the gas flowing and Brazil paying.
If you look at the economic numbers they started getting better in 04 and 05. And as prices went higher revenue started flowing in. The previous presidents had also taken the costly but necessary measures to cut the public sector, and brought their fiscal house in order. The deficit went down, the foreign debt went down.
Evo inherited that situation, and arguably has increased revenue from gas, by getting Argentina on board, and renegotiating with Brazil. On the other hand, actions he sparked from before he was president, and his decisions afterward, probably cost Bolivia billions of dollars in investment.
Just to reinforce what Miguel said, Dr. Gamarra is one of the foremost experts on Bolivia in US academia today. He has written extensively on the drug trade and the political situation. He heads the Latin American and Carribean studies department of the largest university in Miami. He has also done a lot of research in Bolivia, including surveys, focus groups, as well as individual interviews. And in papers written before the Goni collapse (available on the FIU website) he had predicted this very scenario playing out now, of Evo bringing down the government(s), and he said that Evo was going to win, months before the fact.
So basically Gamarra knows his stuff, has done serious research and writing about Bolivia, using social sciences methodology.
The same can not be said about the Jimbo-group, whose reports and "papers" seem to quote everyone except people like Gamarra.
Anon 12:27 -
It would seem that "Ann" is an American.
She has the hatred of which only useless American trust fund baby leftists are capable.
Not to mention the patronizing of and condescension towards the peoples of the developing world, just so that she can score street cred with her leftist pals.
Here are the links to two of the Gamarra authored papers that precede the present one. I would suggest that anyone interested in Bolivia read them. :
From 2/2003, an assesment of Bolivia's crisis
http://lacc.fiu.edu/research_publications/working_papers/WPS_008.pdf
From 4/2002, a paper on coca erradication and the Pandora's box its success was having
http://lacc.fiu.edu/research_publications/working_papers/WPS_003.pdf
Frank_IBC, you are aware that ad hominem is not actually an argument?
How cool that the Democracy Center is presenting us a different vision than the Usamerican think tanks.
Ironic too that we have a gringo to represent us from Bolivia, and a Bolivian representing US national interests from Miami.
Gamarra deserves respect, but Centellas included this does not make him a Bolivia expert, just a successful Bolivian guy in Miami. One of the best current Bolivian academics is our vice president, and he went to school in Mexico!
For my street cred, I'd like to point out that the names listed in Gamarra's thank-you note are heavily weighted towards the people that are no longer in charge. Is that Tuto I see? Now, this guy is too proud to admit he fucked up by selling our refineries.. just because "thats the path we were following back then"..."we had agreed to the terms of the international community" what a leader! read all about it on erbol. No Frank_IBC, my adhominem here is not an argument either. But I do think its funny that Gamarra would draw the conclusion we're close to civil war after talking to Carlos Dabdoub... after all this dude is funding and organizing the nacion camba's army with exactly that purpose.
Also, is it telling that ALBA is translated as Bolivarian Free Trade Area of the Americas? Instead of Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas. Geez Eduardo, the whole point is that its not a free trade agreement.
And really, could they not find a map of Bolivia other than from the CIA website?
Other than that, some good info, some typical liberal hogwash. I personally think that think tanks are worthless. I'd rather hear about the Democracy Center's concrete results in public advocacy at the local level (i.e., we got Semapa back, but how do we make it run well?)
I have to step in to (briefly) defend Gamarra (since I doubt he reads this blog). It's amazing that in right after the previous commentor (Anonymous) argues against ad hominem attacks, he then goes on to make one against Gamarra. And on what basis? That he/she doesn't agree w/ Gamarra? Has he/she read any of Gamarra's work?
Eduardo Gamarra isn't just some "successful" Bolivian who lives in the US. As Boli-Nica points out, Gamarra is one of the few well-known experts on Bolivia. You want a short list of the others? James Malloy, René Antonio Mayorga, Carlos Toranzo, James Dunkerley, and Donna Lee Van Cott (I'd encourage you to read her work on indingeous political movements; she has a track record going back more than a decade on the subject). It's a short list (I left out some names, but you get the point).
Gamarra has been a critic of US drug war policy. He's been a critic of the Bush policy towards Latin America. I don't think he would, by any stretch of the imagination fall into the "neoliberal imperialist" camp. If we're going to hold the fact that he works at a US university against him ... well, then I guess Chomsky's (MIT) is a neoliberal imperialist, too.
I wish people would READ the two reports, rather than just attack one of them because it's based in a US non-partisan think tank. Both reports are worthwile ... and I've linked to both of them on my blog. I can't speak for others, but I certainly think the Democracy Center's report *IS* worthwilse, as a different perspective.
The nitpick about the translation of ALBA is actually incorrect. ALBA is exactly a free trade agreement. It lowers tariffs between member countries, it promotes trade w/in the region, and regional economic/social integration. How is that *NOT* a free trade agreement (as is Mercosur and the Andean Community, or for that matter, the European Union)?
Gamarra *IS* a Bolivia expert. Does that make him "correct" on all his assesments? Perhaps not. But unless we believe that there is some undeniable "truth" out there that people can be privy to, then I think to argue that he's not an "expert" because you disagree w/ him is rather, well, bizarre. In the academic world, at least, we recognize that "experts" often disagree. What do you think our academic journals are? In large measure, they're a forum for us to disagree w/ each other, to present reasoned arguments for our own conclusion, and to put forward evidence and analysis that furthers our collective understanding. We in the academic world don't merely engage in armchair punditry.
Please, let's not attack Gamarra w/o looking at his work or his credentials. A good counter-argument looks at the original argument, rather than the source (or alleged source). I think the Democracy Center is to be commended for linking to BOTH reports. It demonstrates that they're more open minded than many of this blog's readers.
I come to this blog because I respect Jim's sincerity and his willingness to engage in open dialogue (we were guest's on a PRI radio program a year go, along w/ Jeff Sachs). I think many of you (both his supporters *AND* his critics) should follow his lead more.
One last quick thing. Anonymous writes:
"But I do think its funny that Gamarra would draw the conclusion we're close to civil war after talking to Carlos Dabdoub... after all this dude is funding and organizing the nacion camba's army with exactly that purpose."
Well, maybe that's *WHY* Gamarra (and others) think a civil war is possible (remember, "possible" does not mean the same thing as "likely"). By interviewing the kind of person that "is funding and organizing the nacion camba's army with exactly that purpose" I suspect Gamarra is more aware of the real threat of civil war than are those who choose to ignore those very people. Imagine if in the 1930s we'd decided to conclude that Europe wasn't on the verge of war but never interviewed Hitler (and no, I'm not comparig Dabdoub w/ Hitler, though you're free to make any comparisons if that kind of reductionism makes your life easier).
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Man anon..you are funny. You seem to be lacking much information about US academia. If Gamarra is one of the top "Bolivia experts" in the U.S. in a social science discipline, you would probably be hard pressed to find many other social scientists IN THE WORLD, who have researched and published as much as he has on the topic. And actually, having literally gone through hundreds of journal articles on Bolivia in anthropology, sociology, poli-sci, history and economics, you will see Gamarra quoted extensively.
And for the record if you read his previous works, and look at his cites you will see he has also interviewed practically all of the MAS hierarchy. And by doing surveys and focus groups with Bolivians of all incomes and regions he is arguably better informed about Bolivian elite and popular "opinion" than some of his critics.
i. One of the best current Bolivian academics is our vice president, and he went to school in Mexico!
The guy might be an ok mathematician, a good propagandist, and a shrewd political tactician, but as an author and sociologist he lacks originality. This notion of "two Bolivia's" goes way back, and was actually incorporated by the MNR in its early 90's electoral campaigns, and its policy of recognizing local indigenous councils as governing entities.
To the guy who posted the shot of Miss Bolivia. Dude, read the article. She's an intern at The Democracy Center!
differences of opinion, Boli and Miguel. Note I myself pointed out that my statement was ad hominem and not an argument.
But anyway, its not misinformation, I just don't apply the same level of awe and deference to Usamerican academia as you do.
To reiterate, Gamarra is definitely successful, prolific, knowledgeable, and actually a good guy too, as I've met him at one point. But all this "Bolivia expert" talk, well.. if you feel that some guy in Miami whom the average Bolivian wouldn't even have heard of is an expert, great.
I guess the question is what do you mean by "expert"? Do you means someone who knows the TRUTH, as in God-given, no dispute, this is how it is and always will be? Something like that?
Keep in mind that experts do, frequently disagree. And expert is not defined as someone who's omniscient or omnipotent. But only as someone who's extremely well qualified to speak on some particular subject. I don't always agree w/ Jim Schultz, but I know he qualifies as an expert on Bolivia social policy issues.
Do you mean that an expert is only an expert if he's famous? Most Bolivians have never heard of Amartya Sen. But I think he's still an expert on third world economic development.
So. It seems that you have two arguments for who is/isn't an expert:
1) Someone you agree w/ as having the absolute truth. Fine, if you want to be a 19th century positivist. But most of us are post-modernists or even post-post-modernists. We don't believe that there is an "absolute" truth that human beings are capable of knowing.
2) Someone who is well known. Fine, if you want to suggest that Angelina Jollie is more of an expert on third world development than Amartya Sen, since she's more well known.
So. What do you mean by "expert"? I'm actually very troubled by both possible definitions you're relying on.
It's not about giving awe or reverence to "experts". It's about the arrogance (quite frankly, that's what it is) of dismissing qualified experts on no other basis (you yourself admit that you only used ad hominem attacks) other than the fact that you don't like (for whatever reason) the conclusions (or, I think, implicit conclusions since you've demonstrated a lack of knowledge of Gamarra's actual positions on US policy towards Bolivia) of someone.
When I disagree w/ Jim Schultz (and we disagree much less frequently than we agree), I don't simply attack him. I reason w/ him. I don't have the arrogance to think that I somehow know all the correct answers and that I can therefore judge the merit of other people's arguments merely on the basis of how they conform to my worldview. How closed minded! How parochial! How *elitist*!!
Trouble yourself no further Centellas, do you hear me if I say that Gamarra and Jim are experts on Bolivian public policy, government, or Usamerican foreign policy towards Bolivia?
But just not experts on the nation as a whole, as in that the term "Bolivia expert" conveys a level of omniscience which I personally do not ascribe to liberal thought or research, but which even objectively perhaps you could understand is missing a dimension of day to day existence as subject and not observer, an innate self-knowledge which must grow from within and relate to other countries organically.
If that makes any sense to you, then you could see I may have been hasty to dismiss the expertise of these two reports without explaining myself. Indeed, it is possible that a Bolivia expert as I hear the term does not yet exist, or is an ideal which has little to do with the merits on their own turf (that of academic investigation) of the two Bolivia reports.
However, I do disagree even on those merits with much of what I read in one or the other report, though I didn't intend my comments as proof that I was correct, how could I by only poking fun on a name-dropping basis?
Rather, I will do my best to read both in their entirety and summarize later on my actual arguments, since you have taken a special interest in them, and though I do enjoy tickling the liberal funny bone, I wouldn't want to permanently horrify you.
Quick question though, since you didn't mention this part of my comment, did you at least dig the reference to a CIA world factbook map being used in a report titled "Bolivia on the Brink"?
Thanks for being a little more clear. Now we can maybe take a step back. And I think you should also realize that no one (at least not outside academic or intellectual circles) thinks that "expert" means omniscient. Expert merely means "qualified to speak on topic X."
There are lots of experts out there. Car mechanics, cooks, electricians, and athletes are "experts" in the fields for which they are trained.
I'm glad you plan on reading both reports. Though it seems odd to instantly get combative about repots you've not fully read, much less when you seem to not be interested (re-read your original comments) to know who the authors were. Very odd, indeed, since this website specifically lauded BOTH reports (read the intro to the subsequent post by Jim).
Finally, your comment on the CIA World Factbook map is actually rather comic. You are aware that the CIA World Factbook is a basic reference book (like Encyclopedia Britanica) available at most any public school library and public libraries in the US, right? And that's it's available online, right? And that's it's basically just a little Wikipedia-type articles of basic general information, right? And that those maps are public domain, simple, informative maps used in publications throughout the world. So bringing that up is rather comic, actually.
BTW, I think the first time I saw the title "Bolivia on the Brink" was in 2003 or 2004 in an article by John Crabtree (another Bolivia expert, this one from Oxford) published on the e-journal "openDemocracy."
Some links, if you're interested:
John Crabtree, "Bolivia on the brink" openDemocracy (April 4, 2005): http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/bolivia_2891.jsp
CIA World Factbook online: https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/
Library of Congress country studies: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/
Sorry if I've been snarky lately. It's finals week ... and I'm online more (and grouchy) as I slowly trudge through nealry 100 (very infrequently interesting) essay exams.
snarky, maybe a little. but I do come off as if I know everything- which I don't, so I can see why me attacking Gamarra's expertise would bug you.
so, I read the two reports fully (i had reviewed them briefly before), and many of my criticisms of Gamarra's coincide with the Democracy Center, especially as far as factual inaccuracies and omissions.
he constantly refers to the danger of Bolivia straying away from liberal representative democracy as paramount, without considering that this is really desired by a majority of the population.
he also leaves out important analysis (it is mentioned, but not in depth) of the dynamic between Evo's social movement government and the remaining outsiders from the left. i.e., the clientelist and bureaucratic union leaders who made a living out of protest and continue to try to. The U.S. and Bolivian opposition need to recognize this element, and instead of continuing to use these people to undermine Morales in the media, help MAS to bring an end to this careerist pseudo activisism, while also pressuring MAS to replace it with truly representative and conscientious unions.
also, the report definitely rings as a US-view, from the outside in and from top to bottom, a mistake which a true Bolivia expert wouldn't make.
but I realize this all gets subjective and I don't see any way around that, this is one of my qualms with liberal academicism, such an insistence for balance and opposing views, even if one is clearly correct (again, I know)
I'm getting short on time, so if time and mental clarity permit, I may add some point by point additional comparisons.
for now, let me also point out that I don't share with Grindio's personal attacks or conclusions on academic quality based on ivy-league status.
I engage in ad-hominem against public figures because I don't believe in self-censorship or political correctness above all, but i don't use ad-hominem to prove myself right, nor do I think anyone else should.
I have read, I believe, every link, every comment, every blog and paper on Bolivia. I choose not to express any opinion at this time but it would appear to the casual observer that (most) of the people here know more or less what they are talking about. I am a gringa hoping to travel to Bolivia for 1-2 years in search of a Masters degree-would any of you agree that it is safe for an American to live in Bolivia within the next year in a student/ESOL teacher capacity? Interested in some intelligent opinions...
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競馬予想【栗東スポーツ】競馬の聖地“栗東”から本物の情報を提供する日本一当たる優良競馬情報・競馬予想万馬券・10万馬券も夢じゃない競馬予想サービス?? インプラントパチンコ・スロット・パチスロ攻略情報 機種情報 スターフライヤーなど主要航空会社の格安国内航空券国内格安ツアーを取り扱っています。また、格安新幹線ツアー、格安温泉ツアー、ユニバーサルジャパンへの旅、東京ディズニーランドツアーも販売中
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